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  • Set up your own cloud-native simulation in minutes.

    • Documentation

    SimScale DocumentationSimulation SetupGlobal SettingsRelative Humidity

    Relative Humidity

    Humidity is the term used to describe the amount of water vapor that is present in the air. It is expressed in terms of the concentration of the vapor to the amount of air. The level of humidity is related to the occurrence of dew, fog, and precipitation phenomena. Humidity modeling is possible in SimScale.

    As wet air is lighter than dry air (humidity affects the fluid density), the level of humidity can have an impact on the flow patterns. This is most important in heat, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems where variations in humidity are to be expected across the analyzed domain.

    When enabled, SimScale computes the variations in the density of air due to the humidity alongside its diffusion and conduction with the airflow. Humidity sources and sinks are also defined alongside the flow inlet and outlet boundary conditions.

    Simulation Setup for Modeling Humidity

    Global Settings

    The computation of the humidity effects and result fields are activated in the global settings panel for the Conjugate Heat Transfer v2 simulation. Please be aware that the Compressible toggle must be enabled before Relative humidity can be:

    air humidity general settings panel
    Figure 1: Global settings panel for CHT v2 enabling humidity calculations

    Convective Heat Transfer

    For Convective heat transfer simulations relative humidity is available as an input to determine
    thermal comfort parameters like PMV and PPD under Field calculations.

    Model

    The Model panel includes the Turbulent Schmidt number, which is used to compute the ratio of turbulent transport of momentum to the turbulent transport of humidity in the fluid. It appears as a parameter in the transport equation for the specific humidity:

    air humidity model settings panel
    Figure 2: Model settings, including the turbulent Schmidt number and gravity.

    $$ \frac{ \partial \rho \xi }{ \partial t} + \nabla\cdot ( \rho U \xi ) = \nabla \cdot ( \mu_{eff} \nabla \xi ) + S_{\xi}, \tag{1} $$

    $$ \mu_{eff} = \mu_{lam} + \frac{ \mu_{turb} }{ Sc_t }, \tag{2} $$

    Where:

    • \(\rho\) is the fluid density
    • \(\xi\) is the specific humidity
    • \(t\) is time
    • \(U\) is the velocity vector
    • \(\mu\) is the dynamic viscosity, subscripts refer to effective, laminar and turbulent
    • \(Sc_t\) is the turbulent Schmidt number

    Boundary Conditions

    An additional parameter to specify the source/sink of humidity is present in some boundary conditions such as velocity inlets, pressure inlets, and pressure outlets. This allows the user to indicate the percentage of relative air humidity at the assigned surfaces.

    air humidity boundary condition panel
    Figure 3: Velocity inlet boundary condition panel, showing the setting for relative humidity

    The level of humidity present in the air is measured in three principal forms:

    • Relative humidity: It is the ratio of the amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere to the maximum amount of water vapor that air can hold before precipitation occurs (at a given temperature). These concepts are quantified respectively as the partial pressure of water vapor and the equilibrium vapor pressure of water. The field is unitless and is often presented as a percentage. We can express this ratio as:

    $$\phi = \frac{ p_{H_2O} }{ p_{sat} } $$

    • Absolute humidity: It is the mass of water vapor present in a given volume of wet air (air mixed with water vapor). It has units of mass per volume, and can be computed as:

    $$ AH = \frac{ m_{H_2O} }{ V_{mixture} } $$

    • Specific humidity: Also known as the moisture content, it is the mass of water vapor present in a given mass of air/water mixture. It has units of mass per mass, expressed as \( g/kg \) or as \( kg/kg \). Can be computed as:

    $$ \xi = \frac{ m_{H_2O} }{ m_{H_2O} + m_{air} } $$

    These three fields are used to compute the effects of humidity in the flow, and will also be delivered for post-processing as part of the result fields.

    Limitations

    The main limitation in the current humidity modeling inside SimScale is the lack of condensation and evaporation processes.

    Condensation occurs when the relative humidity reaches a value of 100%. In this case, the consequent effect on the humidity level and temperature would not be taken into account. It is up to the user to verify that the relative humidity level at any point does not surpass the limit value of 100%.

    Last updated: February 14th, 2024

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