Tutorial 2: Incompressible Water Flow Through a Pipe Junction

In this tutorial, we will carry out a fluid flow simulation of water flowing through a pipe junction. The objective is to get insights into the flow field at the junction of the pipe. There are two inlets and one outlet for this configuration. The simulation will show if there is a re-circulation area near the junction and if the design needs to be optimized accordingly.

pipe fluid flow streamlines stream tracers post-processor — Figure 1: Streamlines of water flow inside a pipe junction

The tutorial project “Tutorial 2: Pipe junction flow” has been imported and is open in your SimScale Workbench.

1. Select the Analysis Type and Create Simulation

You will try to setup a steady-state flow simulation to obtain an average flow field inside the pipe junction. Once the Workbench is open, you will see the CAD model Pipe Junction Model being loaded in the viewer as presented in Figure 2.

To create a new simulation, click the ‘Create Simulation’ button.

pipe junction model create simulation model — Figure 2: Creating a simulation in SimScale by clicking the **‘Create Simulation’** button.

This will open up the Analysis type library. Select ‘Incompressible’ and click ‘Create Simulation’.

Note

Always choose Incompressible in cases where velocity and temperature gradients are small, independent of your material choice.

simulation types simscale choosing create simulation incompressible — Figure 3: Select **‘Incompressible’** for your pipe junction simulation and press **‘Create Simulation’** to start setting up the simulation

A new Simulation tree will automatically be generated on the left side of your screen, containing all the parameters and settings required to run the simulation.

2. Set up the Simulation

A successful simulation setup means a complete and accurate definition of the physics defined within the simulation tree.

2.1 Material

To assign a new material, click on the ‘+’ button next to Materials in the simulation tree.

simulation tree workbench incompressible — Figure 4: Selecting *Materials* from the *Simulation tree* to select fluid inside the pipe junction

This will open the Material library which contains all the available materials for a simulation. Scroll down to select ‘Water’ and click ‘Apply’.

material library air fluid water — Figure 5: Select **‘Water’** from the available list of fluids

Water will be automatically assigned to the pipe volume.

Note

Note: The color blue indicates that you are in assignment mode.

assigning assign water air material pipe model — Figure 6: After selecting, Water will then be assigned as the fluid inside the pipe volume

2.2 Boundary Conditions

Boundary conditions are constraints that define the physical boundaries of the simulation, such as the input and output of a pipe. For this simulation, three boundary conditions (Velocity inlet 1, Velocity inlet 2, and Pressure outlet 3) will be necessary so that we can model water meeting at the junction of the pipe coming from the horizontal and vertical inlets.

boundary conditions boundary types pipe junction model — Figure 7: Overview of boundary conditions

A. Velocity Inlet 1

To create a new boundary condition, click on the ‘+’ button next to Boundary conditions in the simulation tree. Select ‘Velocity inlet’ from the list.

boundary conditions incompressible simulation tree velocity inlet — Figure 8: Choosing boundary conditions in the *Simulation tree*

Set the velocity in z-direction to ‘-1.5’ \(m/s\). This will assign a flow with the specified velocity to the assigned face. In this case, flow from the negative z-direction is needed to model the horizontal flow. The global coordinates can be found in the viewing cube at the bottom right of your screen.

Select the horizontal face in the viewer. This will assign the face as a velocity inlet.

velocity inlet boundary condition setting fixed value — Figure 9: Setting up a velocity inlet boundary condition for horizontal flow

B. Velocity Inlet 2

We will set up another velocity inlet to simulate a vertical flow by following the same steps as before. Set the velocity in y-direction to ‘-1’ m/s. Select the face to assign the new velocity inlet.

velocity inlet boundary condition fixed value — Figure 10: Setting up a second velocity inlet boundary condition for the vertical flow

C. Pressure outlet

Last but not least, we will add a third boundary condition which is the ‘Pressure outlet’. Select the face to assign it as a pressure outlet boundary condition.

pressure outlet boundary condition fixed value gauge pressure — Figure 11: Setting up pressure outlet boundary condition for a pipe junction

Note

The color turns blue, indicating that they will be assigned to the current boundary condition.

3. Start the Simulation

Now you are ready to start your simulation run.

The Numerics, Simulation Control, and Mesh settings are set by default and do not have to be changed for this simulation.

Create a simulation run by clicking on the ‘+’ button next to Simulation runs in the simulation tree.

start simulation run starting runs simulation tree — Figure 12: Starting a simulation run in SimScale

A dialog box will appear stating the estimated amount of resource consumption. Click ‘Start’ in the New run dialog box to start the simulation run.

resource estimation dialogue simulation run — Figure 13: New run dialog with resource estimate for pipe junction flow simulation

Once the simulation run is finished, the status will be changed to Finished in the run settings panel.

finished run simscale run statistics — Figure 14: Example of a finished run

4. Post-Processing

Click ‘Post-process results’ or ‘Solution Fields’ under the run to open the post-processor. SimScale’s integrated post-processor consists of filters and different viewing tools to better visualize and download the simulation results.

access simscale postprocessor solution fields — Figure 15: How to get to SimScale’s integrated post-processor

The cutting plane will be automatically applied when one navigates to the integrated post-processor. Now, we want to show the flow inside the pipe. Therefore, we will change the orientation of the plane to the x-axis. Click on ‘X’ besides Orientation (Normal) to change the orientation of the cutting plane.

Note: Turn the model in the viewer to see the cutting plane properly.

velocity magnitude cutting plane simscale post-processor — Figure 16: Pipe flow junction cut in half with cutting plane in the x-plane to show the velocity magnitude contours inside the pipe junction

You can also find areas where re-circulation occurs by visualizing the velocity vectors as shown in Figure 17. Turn on the toggle beside Vectors to show the velocity vectors. Next, to make the vectors more clear, you can set the color of the vectors to black beside Coloring.

velocity magnitude arrows vectors cutting plane simscale post-processor — Figure 17: Velocity vector settings to help show re-circulation areas

Based on the velocity vectors, we can see that re-circulation occurs in the areas near the junction, so the design of the pipe will need to change near these areas.

Congratulations! You just finished your first internal fluid flow simulation on SimScale!

Have a look at the finished project

Find more tutorials on our website: SimScale Tutorials and User Guide